1975: Horror Story of Emergency in India

1975: Emergency in India

In the previous article, we found out how Indira Gandhi, convicted by the court for electoral malpractices was facing political obscurity:
http://guruprasad.net/posts/1974-bihar-movement-and-total-revolution/

At 3:30 p.m., on 25th June 1975, Indira’s trusted aide Siddhartha Shankar Ray (CM of WB) whom she had requested to somehow find a loophole, stormed into her house with an “Eureka” moment. Ray had spent half of the day thoroughly studying Indian & American Constitutions and finally had found a “loophole”. He explained Indira that the Govt could impose a state of “Internal Emergency” (External Emergency was already in place from 1971 due to India Pak war) using Article 352 of the Indian Constitution, in the anticipation of interal threat caused by JP movement (Since JP had even called the police & army to join him, it could be considered a potential “armed rebellion”).

Bingo!! Indira Gandhi’s eyes lit up and her team spent no time in preparing the official document of “Proclamation of Emergency” to be signed by Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed, the President of India. Incidently, Ahmed was a rubberstamp installed by Indira Gandhi the previous year due to which she was confident that he would return her the favor by unquestioningly approving Emergency. At 5.30 p.m., Indira & Ray went to President’s residence and as per their expectations, got it signed without much persuasion.

By the time they returned to Indira’s house, her coterie had already prepared a list of all the opposition leaders to be put behind bars. Arrest warrants were issued the same night. By 2 a.m., most of the top opposition leaders were arrested.

By 3 a.m., Indira Gandhi finished drafting her speech and went to bed for a short nap. At 6 a.m., a cabinet meeting was held with 8 ministers who were dumbstruck with this move when Indira handed them copies of the proclamation of emergency and list of opposition leaders arrested. The ministers had no choice but to accept the decision by high command.

At 7 a.m. (26th June 1975), Indira went on air, speaking on All India Radio about the decision to impose emergency. She went on to explain about the “Deep & widespread conspiracy” which she claimed was hatched against her to block her from “progressive measures of benefit to common man of India”. i.e She tried to portray the emergency as a “bitter pill” to safeguard the nation from the troubles created by “foreign hand”.

Press was censored. All news articles had to be sent to the Govt for approval before publishing it the next day. Any form of protest against emergency by newspaper (editors) would be curbed. Most of the newspaper printers had come to a standstill because the Govt had cut off their electricity supplies to make them “fall in line”. While several news editors used different strategies to voice out their protest, Indian Express protested by leaving the editorial section blank!!

The Indian Express, 28 June 1975.

Censorship of press had led to regular large scale rumors (against Govt) going viral. Indira Gandhi tried to counter them using dictatorial methods like installing large billboards “ordering” people to avoid loose talks and do their “duties”.

Apart from such billboards, there were Govt sponsored videos which were aired in TV and advertised in theaters to pursue people to avoid rumors.
One such video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f1sQvWnoNWo

All forms of protests (dharnas, gheraos, satyagrahas etc) were curbed using “Maintenance of Internal Security Act (MISA)”. Even the common man was not spared and just a trivial criticism of Emergency or Indira or the Govt was sufficient to invite arrest. There were several instances where the MISA act was misused for personal and political vendetta as well. Due to number of arrests outnumbering capacity of jails, many were just tied with chains to poles & pillars.

A powerful documentary titled “Zameer Ke Bandi (Prisoners of Conscience)” produced in 1978 (with several interviews with victims) by an eminent film-maker shows how several innocent men & women (who had no political links) were jailed for trivial reasons. For example, the very first interview of the documentary is about a young man who was jailed & tortured for drawing a sketch of Indira Gandhi behind bars.
Link to the complete documentary:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HolbfS-vONw

Even royalty was not spared. Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia & Maharani Gayatri Devi were also arrested.

Maharani Gayatri Devi

Organizations like RSS were banned and most of its prominent leaders were arrested. However, some of the leaders went “underground” to carry out back-end activities like spreading real news to people (since newspapers were censored), creating awareness & acting as messengers of those leaders who were imprisoned.

For example, 25 year old Narendra Modi & Indira Gandhi’s most outspoken critic Dr Subramanian Swamy disguised themselves as Sikhs during the Emergency period to avoid being arrested and acted as messengers.

India was pushed into darkness for the next 21 months due to the death of democracy, atrocities & excesses of Emergency. Indira’s son Sanjay Gandhi unleased a slew of projects which eventually backfired due to his political immaturity. The mother-son duo had held the nation hostage. In subsequent parts, we shall find out more about those.